![]() ![]() Many investigations have shown that automated localization and classification of non-calcified plaque and luminal stenosis is feasible in cardiac CT angiography, although still challenging. DL-based approaches have also provided considerable progress in automated analysis of non-calcified plaque. To date, many studies investigated the potential role of DL in CACS and showed promising results for clinical application in a variety of CT examinations, demonstrating excellent agreement compared with manual scoring. Recent advances of AI-based technologies especially deep learning (DL) approaches in medical imaging have achieved substantial progress in automated detection and characterization of coronary atherosclerotic plaques, providing promising results for AI application in diagnosis and management of coronary artery disease. To review the current applications of artificial intelligence (AI) for coronary artery calcium scoring (CACS) and plaque analysis with their achievements and potential clinical impacts. Again, morphologic RV is systemic and infundibulum is not formed or is very short (white arrow, D). Cardiac crux has mirror image appearance, with right-sided atrioventricular valve inserting more apical than left-sided valve. Axial (C) and two-chamber (D) views show that ventricles are congenitally inverted, with LV located behind sternum. C and D, 44-year-old woman with congenitally corrected TGA. AA = ascending aorta, LV = left ventricle. Morphologic RV infundibulum (white arrow, B) is not well developed. Right ventricle (RV) is systemic and appears hypertrophied. Nonsystemic flow is shown (blue arrow, A). Intraatrial baffle (green arrows, A) shifts oxygenated pulmonary vein's blood of left atrium (LA) into right atrium (RA) (red arrow, A). Axial view of heart (A) and two-chamber image of systemic side in TGA (B) were obtained after atrial switch. ![]() A = anterior, L = left posterior, LVOT = left ventricle outflow tract, R = right posterior.ĬT angiography of right ventricular outflow tract (infundibulum) morphology in transposition of great arteries (TGA) and congenitally corrected TGA, in two different patients. Note marked thickening of RVOT in 36-year-old man (right) with pulmonary stenosis. Bottom panels show variable thickness of SPTs on axial CT angiograms of 38-year-old man (left) and 64-year-old woman (middle) with no significant disease. Dotted circles demarcate medial papillary muscle. SMT continues to apex and turns into moderator band (MB) and anterior papillary muscle. SPTs can be flat or prominent and may be hypertrophied, as in pulmonary hypertension or tetralogy of Fallot, contributing to muscular subpulmonary stenosis. These trabeculations vary in number (5–22 trabeculations) and thickness (2–10 mm). Septoparietal trabeculations (SPTs) originate from anterior margin of SMT and run around parietal quadrant of endocardial infundibulum along right and left septoparietal walls of RVOT. Ventriculoinfundibular fold (VIF) extends between SMT and pulmonary valve and forms paraseptal wall of RVOT. Septomarginal trabeculation (SMT) is muscle strap plastered onto septal part. Top panels show RVOT open-book cadaveric dissection views. A = anterior, APM = anterior papillary muscle, L = left, R = right.Īriation of trabeculations in right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). Note crossing architecture pattern of myocardial strands between SMT with septoparietal trabeculations and SC below PV (asterisks, E). RVOT subendocardial myofibers arrangements are also seen (E). Blue line shows location of interventricular septum. Note that endocardial infundibular sleeve consists of septoparietal trabeculations (stars, D) arising from septomarginal trabeculation (SMT), medial papillary muscle (MPM), and junction (green arrows, D) between SC and SMT. D and E, Endocardial view of right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) is shown (D). AA = ascending aorta, CSO = coronary sinus orifice, MPA = main pulmonary artery, PV = pulmonary valve, RAA = right atrial appendage, SC = supraventricular crest, TV = tricuspid valve. Note that subendocardial myocardial strands are longitudinally or obliquely arranged at right angles with respect to epicardial strands. ![]() This deep region can also be seen in LV (red dotted lines, B). Deep or subendocardial region in opened RV (yellow dotted lines, C) is also seen. Prominent circumferential middle layer of LV (blue dotted lines, B) is seen, which is absent within normal RV. Note that there is continuity between superficial fibers of RV and LV (arrows, A). A–C, Cadaveric dissections show changes in myocardial grain, representing overall oblique or circumferential orientation of myocardial strands in epicardial or superficial region (A) of RV walls. Architecture of the myocardial strands in the left ventricle (LV) and right ventricle (RV). ![]()
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